In urban areas, where roadways are congested and diverse road users, such as pedestrians, cyclists, and transit riders, interact with vehicles, a Safe System approach is particularly essential. High traffic density increases the chances of conflicts, but implementing systemic safety measures can help reduce these risks.  Key areas to consider and implement: 

Road Design

One of the primary strategies for urban areas is designing roads that lower vehicle speeds and prioritize vulnerable users. Techniques like narrowing lane widths, adding protected bike lanes, and creating pedestrian-only zones are proven ways to mitigate crash risks. Traffic calming measures such as speed bumps, raised crosswalks, and curb extensions further enhance safety by physically controlling driver behavior.

Intersection Design

Urban intersections are particularly hazardous due to high traffic volumes and interactions between different types of road users. Converting traditional signalized intersections into roundabouts, for example, can reduce both the number and severity of crashes. Implementing leading pedestrian intervals (LPIs), where pedestrians get a head start before vehicles receive a green signal, further reduces conflicts between pedestrians and turning vehicles.

Safe Speeds

Managing speed in urban environments is critical to minimizing the risk of fatal and serious injury crashes. Lowering speed limits to 25 mph or less in pedestrian-heavy areas can save lives, as the likelihood of a pedestrian fatality increases dramatically at speeds over 30 mph. Enforcement strategies such as speed cameras, combined with public education campaigns, play a key role in ensuring compliance.

Rural roads present different challenges compared to urban environments, primarily due to higher travel speeds, lower traffic volumes, and less complex intersections. However, rural areas also account for a disproportionate number of traffic fatalities, making the Safe System approach equally important.   Key areas to consider and implement:

Run-off-Road Crashes

In rural settings, run-off-road crashes are a leading cause of fatalities. Installing median barriers, shoulder rumble strips, and clear zones can significantly reduce the severity of these incidents. These measures either prevent vehicles from leaving the roadway or minimize the impact if they do.

Safe Speeds

Just as in urban areas, speed management is vital in rural settings. Speed limits should be carefully evaluated based on road design, traffic volumes, and the presence of roadside hazards. Engineering solutions like speed management zones and variable speed limits can help to control speeds on rural roads.

Intersection Design

Rural intersections, particularly those without traffic signals, are frequent crash sites. Converting two-way stop-controlled intersections into all-way stops or roundabouts can improve safety. Additionally, adding rumble strips on approaches to stop signs and better lighting can alert drivers to the presence of intersections, especially in low-visibility conditions.